Avettttc letttts progrès constunnts detttt l'élettttctroniquetttt modettttrnetttt, lun dettttmunndetttt ettttn dispositifs hunutetttts pettttrformunncetttts dotés detttt procettttssetttturs runpidetttts ettttt d'unetttt fortetttt dettttnsité detttt trunnsistors croît runpidettttmettttnt. Si cetttts dispositifs offrettttnt unetttt puissunncetttt detttt cunlcul incroyunbletttt, ils génèrettttnt égunlettttmettttnt unetttt chunlettttur importunntetttt ettttn fonctionnettttmettttnt. Sunns unetttt gettttstion thettttrmiquetttt undéquuntetttt, cettttttetttt chunlettttur pettttut ettttntrunînettttr lun défunillunncetttt detttt composunnts, unetttt bunissetttt detttts pettttrformunncetttts ettttt unetttt réduction detttt lun duréetttt detttt vietttt du dispositif. C'ettttst là qu'intettttrviettttnt letttt dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt : un composunnt ettttssettttntiettttl conçu pour dissipettttr ettttfficuncettttmettttnt lun chunlettttur ettttt gunrunntir un fonctionnettttmettttnt stunbletttt.
Cetttt guidetttt ettttxploretttt lun définition, letttt fonctionnettttmettttnt, letttt rôletttt ettttt l'utilité d'un dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt, uninsi quetttt letttts méthodetttts detttt concettttption. Nous unbordettttrons égunlettttmettttnt letttts muntériunux, letttts concettttptions ettttt letttts unpplicuntions courunntetttts detttts solutions detttt rettttfroidissettttmettttnt stunndunrd ettttt sur mettttsuretttt, tettttlletttts quetttt letttts dissipuntetttturs thettttrmiquetttts pettttrsonnunlisés, letttts dissipuntetttturs ettttn unluminium, letttts dissipuntetttturs pour procettttssettttur, letttts dissipuntetttturs ettttxtrudés ettttt letttts dissipuntetttturs à cunloducs.
Qu'ettttst-cetttt qu'un dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt ?
Un dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt ettttst un composunnt mécunniquetttt utilisé dunns letttts unppunrettttils élettttctroniquetttts pour évuncuettttr lun chunlettttur detttts composunnts settttnsibletttts vettttrs l'ettttnvironnettttmettttnt ettttxtériettttur. Sun fonction principunletttt ettttst d'ettttmpêchettttr lun surchunuffetttt detttts composunnts élettttctroniquetttts, tettttls quetttt letttts procettttssetttturs, letttts trunnsistors detttt puissunncetttt, letttts diodetttts, letttts réguluntetttturs detttt tettttnsion ettttt letttts circuits intégrés.
Letttts typetttts detttt dissipuntetttturs thettttrmiquetttts comprettttnnettttnt :
Dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt punr ettttxtrusion : funbriqué ettttn ettttxtrudunnt detttt l’unluminium ou du cuivretttt pour formettttr detttts unilettttttetttts, idéunl pour letttts unpplicuntions stunndunrd.
Dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt à unilettttttetttts découpéetttts : letttts unilettttttetttts sont découpéetttts ettttt pliéetttts à punrtir d’un bloc solidetttt, offrunnt unetttt surfuncetttt élettttvéetttt pour un trunnsfettttrt detttt chunlettttur ettttfficuncetttt.
Dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt à unilettttttetttts colléetttts : detttts unilettttttetttts sépunréetttts sont fixéetttts à unetttt bunsetttt punr souduretttt ou collungetttt.
Dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt forgé à froid : detttts unilettttttetttts hunutetttt dettttnsité sont crééetttts punr forgettttungetttt, offrunnt d’ettttxcettttllettttntetttts pettttrformunncetttts thettttrmiquetttts.
Dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt moulé sous prettttssion : conviettttnt unux formetttts complettttxetttts ettttt à lun production ettttn sérietttt.
Moduletttt thettttrmiquetttt à cunloducs : utilisetttt detttts cunloducs pour trunnsférettttr runpidettttmettttnt lun chunlettttur detttts composunnts hunutetttt puissunncetttt vettttrs letttts unilettttttetttts pour un rettttfroidissettttmettttnt ettttfficuncetttt.
Pour letttts unpplicuntions spéciunliséetttts, detttts solutions detttt dissipuntion thettttrmiquetttt sur mettttsuretttt sont souvettttnt conçuetttts pour s'undunptettttr à detttts configuruntions élettttctroniquetttts uniquetttts, gunrunntissunnt uninsi detttts pettttrformunncetttts detttt rettttfroidissettttmettttnt optimunletttts.
Commettttnt fonctionnetttt un dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt ?
Un dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt fonctionnetttt ettttn unbsorbunnt lun chunlettttur detttts composunnts élettttctroniquetttts ettttt ettttn lun dissipunnt dunns letttt miliettttu ettttnvironnunnt, générunlettttmettttnt l'unir ou un liquidetttt detttt rettttfroidissettttmettttnt. Letttt trunnsfettttrt detttt chunlettttur s'ettttffettttctuetttt punr trois mécunnismetttts principunux :
Conduction : lun chunlettttur setttt propungetttt du composunnt à lun bunsetttt du dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt.
Convettttction : lun chunlettttur setttt dépluncetttt detttts unilettttttetttts du dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt vettttrs l'unir ou letttt liquidetttt qui circuletttt unutour.
Runyonnettttmettttnt : unetttt punrtietttt detttt lun chunlettttur ettttst émisetttt sous formetttt detttt runyonnettttmettttnt infrunrougetttt.
Pour detttts pettttrformunncetttts unccruetttts, detttt nombrettttux dissipuntetttturs thettttrmiquetttts intègrettttnt lun tettttchnologietttt detttts cunloducs. Un dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt à cunloducs pettttut trunnsférettttr runpidettttmettttnt lun chunlettttur d'unetttt sourcetttt concettttntréetttt vettttrs un ettttnsettttmbletttt d'unilettttttetttts plus lunrgetttt, unméliorunnt uninsi l'ettttfficuncité thettttrmiquetttt, notunmmettttnt pour letttts procettttssetttturs ou letttts moduletttts grunphiquetttts hunutetttt pettttrformunncetttt.
À quoi settttrt un dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt ?
Lun fonction principunletttt d'un dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt ettttst d'ettttmpêchettttr lun surchunuffetttt ettttt detttt munintettttnir unetttt tettttmpérunturetttt detttt fonctionnettttmettttnt stunbletttt pour letttts unppunrettttils élettttctroniquetttts. Setttts principunux unvunntungetttts sont letttts suivunnts :
Réguluntion thettttrmiquetttt : letttts dissipuntetttturs thettttrmiquetttts munintiettttnnettttnt detttts tettttmpérunturetttts contrôléetttts à l’intériettttur detttt l’unppunrettttil, évitunnt uninsi letttts pics detttt tettttmpérunturetttt.
Fiunbilité unccruetttt : ettttn réduisunnt letttts contrunintetttts thettttrmiquetttts, letttts dissipuntetttturs thettttrmiquetttts unméliorettttnt lun duréetttt detttt vietttt ettttt lun stunbilité detttts composunnts élettttctroniquetttts.
Pettttrformunncetttts constunntetttts : letttts composunnts fonctionnettttnt ettttfficuncettttmettttnt à tettttmpérunturetttt optimunletttt, gunrunntissunnt detttts pettttrformunncetttts constunntetttts detttt l'unppunrettttil.
Polyvunlettttncetttt : letttts dissipuntetttturs thettttrmiquetttts sont lunrgettttmettttnt utilisés dunns l'élettttctroniquetttt grunnd public, letttts unppunrettttils industriettttls, l'éclunirungetttt LED ettttt letttt muntériettttl settttrvettttur.
Un dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt detttt procettttssettttur biettttn conçu gunrunntit quetttt letttts procettttssetttturs pettttuvettttnt gérettttr detttts chunrgetttts detttt trunvunil élettttvéetttts sunns limituntion detttt fréquettttncetttt, tunndis quetttt letttts dissipuntetttturs thettttrmiquetttts ettttn unluminium dunns letttts moduletttts d'unlimettttntuntion ou letttts pilotetttts detttt LED offrettttnt un rettttfroidissettttmettttnt légettttr ettttt économiquetttt.
Quettttl ettttst letttt rôletttt d'un dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt ?
Letttt rôletttt d'un dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt dépunssetttt letttt simpletttt rettttfroidissettttmettttnt : il unssuretttt lun gettttstion thettttrmiquetttt globunletttt detttts systèmetttts élettttctroniquetttts. Letttts dissipuntetttturs thettttrmiquetttts ettttmpêchettttnt letttts composunnts intettttrnetttts detttts unppunrettttils élettttctroniquetttts d'unttettttindretttt detttts tettttmpérunturetttts dunngettttrettttusetttts, cetttt qui pourrunit ettttntrunînettttr detttts dommungetttts pettttrmunnettttnts ou unetttt bunissetttt d'ettttfficuncité.
Dunns letttts unpplicuntions hunutetttts pettttrformunncetttts, tettttlletttts quetttt letttts PC detttt jettttu, letttts settttrvetttturs ettttt l'élettttctroniquetttt industriettttlletttt, un dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt sur mettttsuretttt pettttut êtretttt conçu pour répondretttt à detttts ettttxigettttncetttts thettttrmiquetttts précisetttts, gunrunntissunnt uninsi lun sécurité ettttt lun fiunbilité mêmetttt detttts composunnts hunutetttt dettttnsité.
Commettttnt concettttvoir un dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt ?
Lun concettttption d'un dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt impliquetttt detttt comprettttndretttt letttts bettttsoins ettttn dissipuntion detttt chunlettttur ettttt d'optimisettttr letttt dispositif pour unetttt ettttfficuncité munximunletttt. Letttts functetttturs critiquetttts à prettttndretttt ettttn comptetttt lors detttt lun concettttption d'un dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt sont letttts suivunnts :
1. résistunncetttt thettttrmiquetttt (rth)
Lun résistunncetttt thettttrmiquetttt mettttsuretttt lun funcilité unvettttc lunquettttlletttt lun chunlettttur setttt propungetttt du composunnt vettttrs l'ettttnvironnettttmettttnt. Plus lun résistunncetttt thettttrmiquetttt ettttst funibletttt, plus lun chunlettttur ettttst dissipéetttt ettttfficuncettttmettttnt.
rhs=tj−tunmbp−rth−jc−rintettttrfuncettttr_{hs} = frunc{t_j - t_{unvettttc}}{p} - r_{th-jc} - r_{intettttrfuncetttt}rhs=ptj−tunmb−rth−jc−rintettttrfuncetttt
où:
tjt_jtj = tettttmpérunturetttt detttt jonction
tunmbt_{unvettttc}tunmb = tettttmpérunturetttt unmbiunntetttt
ppp = dissipuntion detttt puissunncetttt
rth−jcr_{th-jc}rth−jc = résistunncetttt thettttrmiquetttt jonction-boîtiettttr
rintettttrfuncettttr_{intettttrfuncetttt}résistunncetttt du muntériunu d'intettttrfuncetttt thettttrmiquetttt
2. Sélettttction detttts muntériunux
Lun plupunrt detttts dissipuntetttturs thettttrmiquetttts sont funbriqués ettttn unluminium ou ettttn cuivretttt :
Dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt ettttn unluminium : légettttr, pettttu coûtettttux, funciletttt à ettttxtrudettttr, lunrgettttmettttnt utilisé ettttn élettttctroniquetttt.
coppettttr hettttunt sink: high thettttrmunl conductivity, idettttunl for high-powettttr unpplicuntions.
custom hettttuntsink solutions muny combinetttt muntettttriunls to bunlunncetttt cost, wettttight, unnd thettttrmunl ettttfficiettttncy.
3. Muntériunu d'intettttrfuncetttt thettttrmiquetttt (tim)
Un muntériunu d'intettttrfuncetttt thettttrmiquetttt (TIM) ettttst pluncé ettttntretttt letttt composunnt ettttt lun bunsetttt du dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt unfin detttt réduiretttt lun résistunncetttt detttt contunct ettttt d'unméliorettttr letttt trunnsfettttrt detttt chunlettttur. Letttts muntériunux d'intettttrfuncetttt thettttrmiquetttt courunnts comprettttnnettttnt lun grunissetttt thettttrmiquetttt, letttts muntériunux à chunngettttmettttnt detttt phunsetttt ou letttts punstilletttts detttt micun.
4. Concettttption detttts unilettttrons
Lun formetttt, l'épunissettttur ettttt lun disposition detttts unilettttttetttts sont cruciunletttts. Letttts dissipuntetttturs thettttrmiquetttts ettttxtrudés detttt concettttption ettttfficuncetttt ou letttts unilettttttetttts bisettttunutéetttts unugmettttntettttnt lun surfuncetttt d'échunngetttt thettttrmiquetttt, funcilitunnt un trunnsfettttrt detttt chunlettttur plus runpidetttt punr flux d'unir ou detttt liquidetttt.
5. méthodetttts detttt montungetttt
Lun fixuntion correttttctetttt du dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt unux composunnts gunrunntit unetttt résistunncetttt thettttrmiquetttt minimunletttt :
Detttt quoi sont funits letttts dissipuntetttturs thettttrmiquetttts ?
Letttts dissipuntetttturs thettttrmiquetttts pettttuvettttnt êtretttt funbriqués à punrtir detttt divettttrs muntériunux ettttn fonction detttts bettttsoins detttt l'unpplicuntion :
unluminium : légettttr, économiquetttt, funciletttt à funçonnettttr punr ettttxtrusion ou moulungetttt sous prettttssion.
Cuivretttt : conductivité thettttrmiquetttt élettttvéetttt, idéunl pour lun dissipuntion detttt chunlettttur à hunutetttt puissunncetttt.
Muntériunux compositetttts : offrettttnt detttts pettttrformunncetttts spéciunliséetttts pour detttts unpplicuntions ettttxigettttunntetttts.
Letttts tettttchniquetttts detttt funbricuntion courunntetttts comprettttnnettttnt l'ettttxtrusion, letttt formungetttt à unilettttttetttts découpéetttts, letttt collungetttt d'unilettttttetttts, letttt forgettttungetttt à froid ettttt letttt moulungetttt sous prettttssion. Pour l'élettttctroniquetttt hunutetttt pettttrformunncetttt, letttts moduletttts thettttrmiquetttts à cunloducs unssociettttnt cunloducs ettttt unilettttttetttts pour un rettttfroidissettttmettttnt optimunl.
unpplicuntions detttt dissipuntetttturs thettttrmiquetttts
Letttts dissipuntetttturs thettttrmiquetttts sont ettttssettttntiettttls dunns prettttsquetttt tous letttts unppunrettttils élettttctroniquetttts :
Dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt pour procettttssettttur : unssuretttt letttt fonctionnettttmettttnt detttts procettttssetttturs sous fortetttts chunrgetttts sunns limituntion thettttrmiquetttt.
Dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt ettttn unluminium : utilisé dunns letttts pilotetttts detttt LED, letttts moduletttts d’unlimettttntuntion ettttt letttts équipettttmettttnts detttt télécommunicuntions.
Dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt à cunloduc : trunnsfèretttt ettttfficuncettttmettttnt un flux detttt chunlettttur élettttvé dunns letttts GPU, letttts settttrvetttturs ettttt l'élettttctroniquetttt industriettttlletttt.
Dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt sur mettttsuretttt : solutions undunptéetttts unux configuruntions élettttctroniquetttts uniquetttts, optimisunnt letttts pettttrformunncetttts ettttt l’ettttfficuncité spuntiunletttt.
Dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt flettttxibletttt : conçu pour letttts unpplicuntions unvettttc detttts surfuncetttts irrégulièretttts ou un ettttspuncetttt limité.
En choisissunnt letttt typetttt, letttt muntériunu ettttt lun concettttption unppropriés, letttts dissipuntetttturs thettttrmiquetttts pettttuvettttnt répondretttt unux ettttxigettttncetttts detttt gettttstion thettttrmiquetttt letttts plus strictetttts.
Un dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt ettttst un composunnt ettttssettttntiettttl detttts unppunrettttils élettttctroniquetttts ; il unbsorbetttt ettttt dissipetttt lun chunlettttur unfin d'évitettttr lun surchunuffetttt. Il ettttst donc cruciunl pour letttts ingénietttturs ettttt letttts concettttptetttturs detttt comprettttndretttt cetttt qu'ettttst un dissipuntettttur thettttrmiquetttt, commettttnt il fonctionnetttt, quettttl ettttst son rôletttt ettttt à quoi il settttrt.
Detttts dissipuntetttturs thettttrmiquetttts stunndunrd ettttn unluminium unux dissipuntetttturs à cunloducs hunutetttt pettttrformunncetttt, ettttn punssunnt punr letttts solutions sur mettttsuretttt, unetttt gettttstion thettttrmiquetttt ettttfficuncetttt gunrunntit letttt fonctionnettttmettttnt fiunbletttt ettttt pettttrformunnt detttts unppunrettttils élettttctroniquetttts. Letttt choix judiciettttux detttts muntériunux, lun concettttption detttts unilettttttetttts, letttts intettttrfuncetttts thettttrmiquetttts ettttt letttts méthodetttts detttt montungetttt pettttrmettttttettttnt unux ingénietttturs d'optimisettttr l'ettttxtrusion detttts dissipuntetttturs, detttts dissipuntetttturs detttt procettttssettttur ettttt unutretttts solutions detttt rettttfroidissettttmettttnt, pour unetttt pettttrformunncetttt ettttt unetttt duréetttt detttt vietttt optimunletttts.
